9708/22/M//24

• Explain what s meant by protectionism and consider the effectiveness of using tariffs as a method of protectionism. [8]

• Assess whether free trade is always better than a policy of protectionism for a developing economy that wishes to trade internationally. [12]

9708/21/O/N/23 

• Explain the difference between an import tariff and an import quota and consider why a government would choose an import tariff rather than an import quota as a tool of protection in international trade. [8] 

9708/23/O/N/22 

Since 2018, China and the United States (US) have been imposing tariffs on trade with each other. 

• Discuss the view that some will benefit and some will lose but the overall impact of these tariffs will be negative. [12] 

9708/21/M/J/22 

Protectionism can take different forms in different countries. 

• Discuss whether export subsidies are always a better method of protectionism than tariffs. [12] 

9708/22/F/M/22 

An economy is facing the shutdown of its steel making industry as a result of cheap imports. 

• Explain what is meant by ‘protectionism’ and describe two ways in which this steel industry could be protected. [8]

• Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of protecting an industry such as steel and consider whether the protection will be of overall benefit to this economy. [12] 

9708/23/M/J/20 

In April 2018, the United States (US) government threatened to impose tariffs of 25% on a wide range of imports from China including steel, technological products, medicines and household goods such as washing machines. In turn, China threatened to retaliate with the same proposed tariff on imports from the US of soya beans, cars and chemicals. 

• Discuss whether the US and China could both benefit from the imposition of tariffs on goods such as those identified. [12]